Ogilvie C. Measurement of gas transfer in the lung-a citation-classic commentary on a standardized breath holding technique for the clinical measurement of the diffusing-capacity of the lung for carbon-monoxide by Ogilvie, Cm, Forster, Re, Blakemore, Ws And Morton, Jw. a. Black Lungs and White Lungs: The Science of White Supremacy in the Nineteenth-Century United States 3. Doctors still use spirometers today, and most include a race . J Hist Med Allied Sci 2005; 60: 135-169. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Braun, Lundy ( 2006 ) `Reifying Human Difference: the Debate on Genetics, Race and Health' , International Journal of Health Services 36(3): 557 - 73 . Progress and Race: Vitality in Turn-of-the-Century Britain 5. Spirometry, pioneered in its modern form by the 19th century British surgeon John Hutchinson, is the measure of air flow during respiration. Yang, Peter Philip Reese, Journal of the American Medical Association, " Reconsidering the Consequences of Using Race to Estimate Kidney . It was ultimately a minor clash. found that among 226 articles published between 1922 and 2008, the majority neither defined race/ethnicity, nor accounted for socioeconomic status, despite . Over the past century, the spirometer has gained widespread use across the world for the diagnosis and management of many respiratory diseases in both specialist and primary care settings. Braun L. "Spirometry, measurement, and race in the nineteenth century." Journal of the history of medicine and allied sciences , vol. Assumed Function . 135-69. Black Lungs and White Lungs: The Science of White Supremacy in the Nineteenth-Century United States 3. Spirometry is the primary method that clinicians use to evaluate lung function. . Spirometry Lung "Portions of chapters 1 and 2 were previously published as "Spirometry, Measurement, and Race in the Nineteenth Century," Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 60 (2005): 135-169." J Hist Med Allied Sci 60: 135-169, 2005. doi: 10.1093/jhmas/jri021. Spirometry, Measurement, and Race in the Nineteenth Century LUNDY BRAUN Abstract. 2 For an exception see Lundy Braun, "Spirometry, Measurement, and Race in the Nineteenth Century," Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 2005, 60:135-169. . Nineteenth-century attempts to accurately measure and scale lung capacity through the spirometer were complicated by the need to first define the measure for normal breathing - there can be no abnormal without an initial definition of the normal. 2. 8 , 9 Braun, Lundy (2005) `Spirometry, Measurement, and Race in the 19th Century', Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 60(2): 135-69. Medicine in the Nineteenth Century—With special reference to the United States . The use of ethnically specific norms for . Spirometry, measurement, and race in the nineteenth century. c. It was the least destructive conflict in Asia during the nineteenth century. Crossref | PubMed | ISI | Google Scholar; 4. Note also the useful insight provided by John Harley Warner, The Therapeutic Perspective: Medical Practice, Knowledge, and Identity in America, Lundy Braun, 'Spirometry, Measurement, and Race in the Nineteenth Century,' Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 60 (2005), pp. 12 Burney PGJ, Hooper RL. [2] Lundy Braun uses the term "epistemic authority" throughout her book Breathing Race into the Machine: The Surprising Career of the Spirometer from Plantation to Genetics (Minneapolis, MN: Univ. Lab Manual - Spirometry and Race ; Lab Handout - Assigning Race; Lecture Aid - American Slavery, 1619-1865 The maneuver is straightforward: the subject inhales to total lung capacity and then exhales all of the gas that is possible to exhale. In the US, UK and elsewhere, COVID-19 is hitting Black and other ethnic minority groups hardest - creating a renewed focus on racism in healthcare. Race and Pulmonary Function Tests in the 19th Century Most spirometers "correct" or "adjust" for "race" or "ethnicity," either through a correction factor or through the use of population-specific standards, a practice recognized by prominent professional societies.8,9 By setting white standards as the norm of lung health and 2, 2005 , págs. The great variability in lung function . it is essential to rethink race correction of spirometric measurements, whether enacted through the use of a correction factor or through the use of population-specific standards. 2 Hutchinson worked in conjunction with insurance companies and created tables of expected values for vital capacity. The 19th century practice of measuring skulls, and equating them with morality and intelligence, is perhaps the most infamous example. 2 (2005): 135-169. Intensely Human: The Health of the Black Soldier in the American Civil War. Lab and Lecture Materials. . However, many medics are unaware of how this process affects lung capacity measurements. Braun, Lundy, "Spirometry, Measurement, and Race in the Nineteenth Century," Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, vol. 肺活量計は19世紀の初頭に開発された医療機器である。イギリスで診療に用いられたほか、兵士の肺活量が測定されて健康な兵士と虚弱な兵士を区別したり、あるいは . Even today Spirometry device guidelines use racial/ethnic . THE MAKING OF RACE AND PLACE I 599 mahogany cutting, and with an "aversion" to agriculture, and served to limit the economic possibilities available for Belizean Creoles. 135-169 [e-journal] Further Readings: Clare Anderson, 'Voir/Savoir: Photographing, measuring and fingerprinting the Indian Criminal', in Clare Anderson, Legible Bodies: Race Criminality and . Braun, Lundy (2014): Breathing Race into the Machine. 2, 2005, pp. Braun emphasised that race correction is literally programmed into the spirometer. In the 19th century, the British used craniometry to justify its racist policies toward the Irish and black Africans, whom the British considered to be inferior races. History, 19th Century History, 20th Century . In this issue Braun et al . A spirometer is the main piece of equipment used for basic Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs). 1992;14:10. It is a relatively inexpensive test which can be performed in the physician's office, though it is rarely performed in the Emergency Department. 19th century by John Hutchinson,1 and is thus one of the oldest clinical tests still in use today. expanded on Jefferson's ideas in the 19th century, promoting the idea of . who demonstrated that correcting for race in spirometry cemented acceptance of difference . Progress and Race: Vitality in Turn-of-the-Century Britain 5. The resulting exhaled volume was termed the "vital ca-pacity" (VC) by Hutchinson, and this term has . The resulting exhaled volume was termed the "vital ca-pacity" (VC) by Hutchinson, and this term has . Race and Pulmonary Function Tests in the 19th Century Most spirometers "correct" or "adjust" for "race" or "ethnicity," either through a correction factor or through the use of population-specific standards, a practice recognized by prominent professional societies. Google Scholar Braun L. Spirometry, measurement, and race in the nineteenth century. A means of determining strength, vitality, and capacity to engage in strenuous work, the spirometer plays an important role in occupational health and life insurance decisionmaking. The spirometer was originally invented in the 1840's by John Hutchinson an English surgeon. Cartwright, the racist doctor from the 1800s, also developed his own version of a tool called the spirometer to measure lung capacity. Before this module, students already understand, through discussion and readings such as Samuel Cartwright's 1851 "Report on Diseases of the Negro," that concepts of biomedical difference based on race came to be generally accepted by many medical professionals and white citizens during the nineteenth century. Linda Bryder, "A Health Resort for Consumptives": Tuberculosis and Immigration to New Zealand, 1880--1914 Medical history, 1996; Vol. It will not work unless you select race by pushing a button, or picking a race from a selection on a pull-down menu. Braun L. J Hist Med Allied Sci, 60(2):135-169, 01 Apr 2005 Cited by: 7 articles | PMID: 15737956. Humphreys, Margaret. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI Brodwin, Paul ( 2005 ) `"Bioethics in Action" and Human Population Genetics Research', Culture , Medicine and Psychiatry 29: 145 - 78 . 11 Braun L. Spirometry, measurement, and race in the nineteenth century. 60, no. Braun L. Spirometry, measurement, and race in the nineteenth century. Scholars have traced the start of both large-scale statistical studies and anthropometric measurements to the late nineteenth century, in which statistics about the human body gained authority in an increasingly eugenic framework. [1] make a plea for an international workshop to review aspects of race and ethnicity in relation to lung function. The physician plans to perform a spirometer test, a method of assessing lung function by measuring the volume of air the patient is able to expel from the lungs after maximal inspiration. Filling the Lungs with Air: The Rise of Physical Culture in America 4. A Medico- Breathing Race into the Machine examines the history of the spirometer, which has been used for well over a century to measure lung function. Chronic obstructive respiratory disease, a major cause of disability and mortality, is defined by spirometry . This article traces the history of the racialization and gendering of spirometry through an examination of the ideas and practices related to lung capacity measurements that circulated between. Cambridge University Press; 1981. Lundy Braun, a professor of pathology and laboratory medicine and of Africana studies at Brown University, traced the race correction in spirometry to eighteenth- and nineteenth-century claims that Black people had less lung capacity than white people and that this deficit would benefit from physical labor. Our notions of race derive from Blumenbach, who . Race correction is a common practice in contemporary pulmonary medicine that involves mathematical adjustment of lung capa city measurements in populations designated as "black" using standards derived largely from populations designated as "white." This article . Some 19th-century scientists, like Harvard's Louis Agassiz, were proponents of "polygenism," which posited that human races were distinct species. I examine colonial racial discourse in descriptions of the colony at three different moments in the nineteenth century, at the height of slavery and the mahogany economy, shortly J. Hist Med Allied Sci 60: 135-169, 2005. doi: . Braun tracks the proliferation of spirometric uses, from the machine's earliest emergence as a tool for monitoring laborers' fitness in the middle of the nineteenth century, through its development as a medical diagnostic tool in the twentieth cen- tury, to its contemporary role in adjudicating worker's compensation claims. BRAUN L. Spirometry, Measurement, and Race in the Nineteenth Century. 18th century = Systemae Naturae and Blumenbach's . This theory was supported by pseudoscientific methods like craniometry, the measurement of human skulls, which supposedly proved that white people were biologically superior to Blacks. Spirometry, measurement, and race in the nineteenth century Abstract Race correction is a common practice in contemporary pulmonary medicine that involves mathematical adjustment of lung capacity measurements in populations designated as "black" using standards derived largely from populations designated as "white." 4, p. 453 Braun, Lundy (2005) `Spirometry, Measurement, and Race in the Nineteenth Century', Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 60(2): 135-69. "A fascinating read."—Choice "Ultimately, Breathing Race into the Machine disrupts ideas about technology's objectivity to show the pernicious persistence of racial bias."—African American Review "Great value to those with an interest in the history of science and technology, occupational health and disease, and the construction of whiteness and blackness."— Lundy Braun, Spirometry, Measurement, and Race in the Nineteenth Century Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, April 2005; Vol. Spirometry, derived from the Latin words SPIRO (to breathe) and METER (to measure), is a medical test which provides diagnostic information to assess a patient's lung function. Curr Contents/Clin Med. 19th century by John Hutchinson,1 and is thus one of the oldest clinical tests still in use today. 2, pp. The COVDI-19 pandemic has highlighted racial inequality. 2 For an exception see Lundy Braun, "Spirometry, Measurement, and Race in the Nineteenth Century," Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 2005, 60:135-169. The drive to translate breathlessness into quantifiable measures has been influenced by complex interactions between medical expertise, industrial interests, and compensation schemes.
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